STDs & Symptoms
What is HIV?
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells (T cells), which help the body fight infections. If left untreated, HIV can weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to defend itself against infections and diseases.
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How HIV Works
- HIV enters the body and infects CD4 cells.
- It uses these cells to replicate itself, destroying them in the process.
- Over time, the loss of CD4 cells weakens the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.
Transmission
HIV spreads through contact with certain body fluids, such as:
- Blood
- Semen or pre-seminal fluid
- Vaginal fluids
- Rectal fluids
- Breast milk
Common transmission methods include unprotected sex, sharing needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.
STD Risk Factors
HIV can affect anyone, but certain behaviors and circumstances increase the risk of acquiring the virus. Understanding these risk factors is essential for prevention.
Major Risk Factors for HIV:
Unprotected Sex
- Having vaginal, anal, or oral sex without using a condom or other barrier methods.
- Anal sex poses the highest risk because the rectum is more susceptible to tears, allowing the virus to enter the bloodstream.
Multiple Sexual Partners
Having more sexual partners increases the likelihood of exposure to an infected individual.
Sharing Needles or Injection Equipment
Sharing syringes, needles, or other drug paraphernalia can transmit HIV through blood.
Presence of Other STDs
Having an STD, such as syphilis, gonorrhea, or herpes, can increase susceptibility to HIV due to sores or inflammation in the genital area.
Receiving Contaminated Blood Products
Rare in many countries due to rigorous screening, but possible in areas where blood supply safety is less regulated.
Mother-to-Child Transmission
HIV can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding without proper medical intervention.
Occupational Exposure
Healthcare workers exposed to blood or bodily fluids, especially through accidental needle sticks, are at risk.
Uncircumcised Men
Studies suggest that uncircumcised men may have a slightly higher risk of acquiring HIV during heterosexual intercourse.
Other Contributing Factors
- Substance Use: Alcohol or drugs can impair judgment and lead to risky sexual behavior.
- Partner’s HIV Status: Having a partner who is HIV-positive, especially if they are not on antiretroviral therapy (ART).
- Living in High-Prevalence Areas: Regions with higher rates of HIV increase exposure risk.
Prevention & Treatment
- Prevention: Using condoms, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), avoiding needle sharing, and regular testing.
- Treatment: HIV is manageable with antiretroviral therapy (ART), which can suppress the virus to undetectable levels, helping individuals live healthy lives and prevent transmission.
While HIV has no cure, early detection and treatment can ensure a long and healthy life while reducing the risk of spreading the virus to others.
